ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In Chile, an eventual implementation of a plan with universal health coverage is a challenge. The already implemented explicit health guarantees plan (GES) could be a benchmark. For this reason, it is important to obtain information about the results of its implementation. AIM: To identify the social determinants of health that influence the access to GES. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey performed in 2017 was used as a data source. The beneficiaries of 20 diseases covered by GES and inquired in the survey were considered for the present study. RESULTS: People with the higher probability of access to GES plan belong to the lowest income quintiles, are nationals, live in the central-southern metropolitan Santiago, have lower education, have a public health insurance program (FONASA) and are aged mostly over 60 years. The diseases with the highest probability of access to the program are primary arterial hypertension, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, acute myocardial infarction, moderate and severe bronchial asthma, breast cancer, colon cancer, and bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The access probability to the GES program is in line with the epidemiological profile of the Chilean population, and with a greater social vulnerability.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Social Determinants of Health , Health Services Accessibility , National Health Programs/organization & administration , Socioeconomic Factors , Chile , Universal Health Insurance/organization & administrationABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Hypertension (HTN) is a public health problem. The prevalence and mortality rates are significantly higher in middle and low-income countries, such as Peru. This study aimed to determine the trend of mortality attributable to HTN for the 2005-2016 period in Peru. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis based on death certificates provided by the Ministry of Health. We applied linear regression models to test the HTN mortality rate trend. Results: The age-standardized HTN mortality per 100,000 inhabitants decreased from 14.43 for the 2005 to 2010 period to 11.12 for the 2011 to 2016 period. The coast was the natural region with the highest decrease in mortality rate. Moreover, Tumbes, Callao, and Lambayeque were regions with the highest decline in mortality rate. Conclusion: The age-standardized mortality attributable to HTN decreased in Peru, with variations in both natural and political regions of the country.
Resumo Introdução: A hipertensão arterial (HA) é um problema de saúde pública. As taxas de prevalência e mortalidade são significativamente mais altas em países de média e baixa renda, como o Peru. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a tendência de mortalidade atribuível à HA para o período de 2005-2016 no Peru. Métodos: Realizamos uma análise secundária com base em atestados de óbito fornecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde. Aplicamos modelos de regressão linear para testar a tendência da taxa de mortalidade por HA. Resultados: A mortalidade por HA padronizada para idade por 100.000 habitantes diminuiu de 14,43 no período de 2005 a 2010 para 11,12 no período de 2011 a 2016. O litoral foi a região natural com maior queda na taxa de mortalidade. Além disso, Tumbes, Callao e Lambayeque foram as regiões com maior declínio na taxa de mortalidade. Conclusão: A mortalidade padronizada para idade atribuível à HA diminuiu no Peru, com variações tanto em regiões naturais como políticas do país.
Subject(s)
Humans , Poverty , Hypertension/epidemiology , Peru/epidemiology , Linear Models , PrevalenceABSTRACT
A pandemia pelo novo coronavírus causou uma crise sanitária mundial, com repercussões mais graves em sistemas de saúde já sobrecarregados e em sociedades mais desiguais. Neste artigo, revisou-se a literatura sobre pontos importantes no atendimento à saúde da mulher durante pandemias nos serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Destaca-se o papel crucial da APS na prevenção de iniquidades. No tocante à saúde da mulher, é importante o foco na atuação contra a violência doméstica, manutenção de atenção ao ciclo gravídico-puerperal, contracepção e condições potencialmente graves, como Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis e seguimento oncológico.
The new coronavirus pandemic caused a global health crisis, with more serious repercussions on already overburdened health systems and more unequal societies. In this article, the literature about important points in women's health care during pandemics in Primary Health Care (PHC) services was reviewed. PHC's crucial role in preventing inequities is highlighted. With regard to women's health, it is important to focus on actions against domestic violence, maintaining attention to the pregnancy-puerperal cycle, contraception and potentially serious conditions, such as Sexually Transmitted Infections and oncological follow-up.
La nueva pandemia de coronavirus causó una crisis de salud global, con repercusiones más serias en los sistemas de salud ya sobrecargados y en sociedades más desiguales. En este artículo, revisamos la literatura sobre puntos importantes en el cuidado de la salud de las mujeres durante las pandemias en los servicios de Atención Primaria de Salud (APS). Se destaca el papel crucial de APS en la prevención de las inequidades. Con respecto a la salud de las mujeres, es importante centrarse en la acción contra la violencia doméstica, manteniendo la atención al ciclo embarazo-puerperal, la anticoncepción y las condiciones potencialmente graves, como las infecciones de transmisión sexual y el seguimiento oncológico
Subject(s)
Primary Health Care , Domestic Violence , Coronavirus Infections , Comprehensive Health Care , Universal Health Insurance , Violence Against Women , COVID-19ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: El gasto de bolsillo en medicamentos e insumos puede afectar financieramente los hogares. Objetivo: Determinar el gasto de bolsillo en medicamentos e insumos en Perú y las características de la población con mayor gasto de este tipo en los años 2007 y 2016. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal analítico de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza 2007 y 2016. Se determinó la media y mediana del gasto de bolsillo en medicamentos e insumos en dólares americanos para la población general, y según la presencia de factores descritos en la literatura como asociados al gasto de bolsillo en medicamentos e insumos. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron datos de 92 148 encuestados en 2007 y de 130 296 en 2016. En 2007, se encontró una mediana de 3,19 (rango intercuartílico: 0,96 a 7,99) y una media de 8,14 (intervalo de confianza 95%: 7,80 a 8,49) para el gasto de bolsillo en medicamentos. En 2016, la mediana y media de este gasto fueron de 3,55 (rango intercuartílico: 1,48 a 8,88) y 9,68 (intervalo de confianza 95%: 9,37 a 9,99), respectivamente. Para 2016, se encontró un mayor gasto de bolsillo en medicamentos en mujeres, menores de cinco y mayores de 60 años; personas de mayor nivel educativo; tener seguro privado o de las fuerzas armadas; vivir en la región costa y en zona urbana; tener una enfermedad crónica; y ser de los quintiles de gasto per cápita más altos. Entre 2007 y 2016, se incrementó significativamente (p < 0,05) el gasto de bolsillo en medicamentos e insumos en los menores de cinco años (p < 0,001), personas no aseguradas (p < 0,001), asegurados en el Seguro Integral de Salud (p < 0,001) o a las fuerzas armadas, para el área urbana y rural (p < 0,001, ambos), y en personas sin enfermedades crónicas (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Se obtuvo el gasto de bolsillo en medicamentos e insumos en población peruana en 2007 y 2016, encontrándose un incremento del mismo entre los años de estudio, existiendo grupos poblacionales con mayor gasto y con aumentos significativos. Se requiere profundizar el estudio de factores asociados al gasto de bolsillo en medicamentos en grupos de mayor vulnerabilidad económico frente al gasto directo en salud en Perú.
BACKGROUND: Out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies can lead to a heavy financial burden in households. OBJECTIVE: To determine the out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies in Peru and the population groups with the highest out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies in 2007 and 2016. METHODS: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study of the Peruvian National Household Survey on Living and Poverty Conditions for the years 2007 and 2016. Mean and median out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies are reported in USD for the general population, and according to the presence or not of factors described in the literature as associated with out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies. RESULTS: 92 148 and 130 296 participants from 2007 and 2016 were included. In 2007, a median of 3.19 (interquartile range: 0.96 to 7.99) and an average of 8.14 (95% confidence interval: 7.80 to 8.49) were found for the out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies. In 2016, the median and mean out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies were 3.55 (interquartile range: 1.48 to 8.88) and 9.68 (95% confidence interval: 9.37 to 9.99), respectively. For 2016, higher out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies was found in women, children under five and over 60 years of age, people of higher educational level, having private or armed forces insurance, living in the coastal region, and being in one of the highest per capita quintile of expenditure. Between 2007 and 2016, the out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies was significantly increased in children under five (p < 0.001), uninsured persons (p < 0.001), insured to the Seguro Integral de Salud (p < 0.001) or the Armed Forces (p = 0.035), for the urban and rural area (both p < 0.001), and in people without chronic diseases (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: An increase in out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies was found in the study period. There were population groups with significant increases in out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies. It is necessary to explore further the factors associated with out-of-pocket spending on medicines and supplies in groups of greater economic vulnerability regarding direct health spending in Peru.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Drug Costs , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Financing, Personal/economics , Peru , Poverty , Family Characteristics , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Introdução: O aumento contínuo do número de processos de judicialização da saúde, a relevância epidemiológica do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), a escassez de recursos utilizados para monitorar os investimentos dos processos judiciais e do seu alto custo para a saúde pública, diante disso torna-se necessário estudos que analisem o perfil da judicialização dos antidiabéticos, que é a principal classe de medicamentos alvo dos processos judiciais. Objetivo: Analisar se os pacientes com DM2 atendidos via judicial, foram acompanhados e monitorados no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) antes e após os processos judiciais. Além de analisar o perfil de medicamentos judicializados para tratamento da DM2. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, que utilizou dados secundários, prontuários e arquivos de processos judiciais, de 56 pacientes com DM2 que adquiriram pelo menos um de seus medicamentos por meio da judicialização, no ano de 2019, em um município mineiro. Os dados foram analisados 12 meses antes e 12 meses após a judicialização. Resultados: Dentre as 56 ações judiciais, 39% se concentraram em apenas três unidades de saúde do município. Somente 30 pacientes (53%) antes e 29 (51%) após a judicialização tiveram consultas no SUS. Além disso, apenas 15 (26%) e 13 (23%) pacientes, respectivamente antes e após a judicialização, apresentaram algum exame laboratorial realizado pelo SUS. As insulinas Levemir Flex Pen® (13%), Novo Rapid® (11%) e Lantus® (7%) foram os medicamentos mais judicializados. Conclusão: Observou-se que apesar do SUS prover o insumo terapêutico de elevado custo por meio de uma porta de entrada não convencional, não há monitorização clínica e laboratorial para avaliação da efetividade do uso da tecnologia, conforme recomendam os protocolos clínicos e dispositivos legais brasileiros sobre acesso a medicamentos.
Introducción: El aumento continuo en el número de procesos de judicialización de la salud, la relevancia epidemiológica de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), la escasez de recursos utilizados para monitorear las inversiones en procesos judiciales y de su alto costo para la salud pública, se vuelven necesarios estudios que analicen el perfil de la judicialización de los antidiabéticos, que es la principal clase de medicamentos a las que se dirigen los procesos judiciales. Objetivo: Analizar si los pacientes con DM2 atendidos vía judicial, fueron acompañados y monitoreados en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) antes y después de los procesos judiciales. Además de analizar el perfil de las drogas legalizadas para el tratamiento de la DM2. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo longitudinal, que utilizó datos secundarios, registros médicos y archivos de demandas, de 56 pacientes con DM2 que adquirieron al menos uno de sus medicamentos a través de la judicialización, en el año 2019, en un municipio de Minas Gerais. Los datos fueron analizados 12 meses antes y 12 meses después de la judicialización. Resultados: Entre las 56 acciones judiciales, el 39% se concentró en solo tres unidades de salud en el municipio. Solo 30 pacientes (53%) antes y 29 (51%) después de la judicialización tuvieron consultas en el SUS. Además, solo 15 (26%) y 13 (23%) pacientes, respectivamente antes y después de la judicialización, se sometieron a pruebas de laboratorio realizadas por el SUS. Las insulinas Levemir Flex Pen® (13.0%), Novo Rapid® (11%) y Lantus® (7%) fueron los medicamentos más judicializadas. Conclusión: Se observó que a pesar de que el SUS proporciona un recurso terapéutico de alto costo a través de una puerta de entrada no convencional, no hay monitoreo clínico y laboratorial para la evaluación de la efectividad del uso de la tecnología, según lo recomendado por los protocolos clínicos y dispositivos legales brasileros sobre el acceso a medicamentos.
Introduction: The continuous increase in the number of health judicialization processes, the epidemiological relevance of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), the scarcity of resources used to monitor the investments of lawsuits, and their high cost to public health, that said there is a need for studies that analyze the profile of the judicialization of antidiabetics, which is the main class of drugs targeted by lawsuits. Objective: To analyze whether patients with DM2 attended by judicial system, are followed up and monitored in Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) before and after judicial proceedings. In addition to analyzing the profile of drugs legalized for the treatment of DM2. Methods: A retrospective observational study, which secondary database, medical records and judicial files, was conducted with 56 patients with DM2 who have acquired at least one of their medicines through lawsuits, in 2019, in a city in Minas Gerais. The data were analyzed 12 months before and 12 months after judicialization process. Results: Among the 56 lawsuits, 39% were concentrated in only three health units. Only 30 patients (53%) before and 29 (51%) after judicialization had appointments in SUS. Furthermore, only 15 (26%) and 13 (23%) patients, respectively before and after judicialization, had some laboratory test performed by SUS. The insulins Levemir Flex Pen® (13%), Novo Rapid® (11%), and Lantus® (7%) were the most judicialized drugs. Conclusion: It was observed that despite the SUS providing the high-cost therapeutic input through an unconventional gateway, there is no clinical and laboratory monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness of the technology, as recommended by clinical protocols and Brazilian laws about access to medicines.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Pharmaceutical Services , Access to Information , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Health's Judicialization , Universal Health InsuranceABSTRACT
La política del Aseguramiento Universal en Salud estableció que el acceso a los servicios de salud se realizara por medio de la intermediación financiera de seguros de salud, estableciendo para ello cuatro ejes de "reforma": plan de beneficios, financiamiento y pagos, focalización de subsidios, prestación de servicios y regulación. La política del Aseguramiento Universal en Salud se basó en la teoría de los cuasimercados donde la intención del Estado es evitar ser el proveedor de recursos y el proveedor de servicios al mismo tiempo; en lugar de ello, busca convertirse en el proveedor primario de fondos para una variedad de proveedores del sector privado, público y no lucrativos, todos operando en competencia unos contra otro.A 10 años de su implementación en nuestro país se analizan los avances de implementación en los ejes de reforma que planteó la política del Aseguramiento Universal en Salud.
The policy of the Universal Health Insurance established that access to health services will be carried out through the financial intermediation of health insurance, establishing for this four axes of "reform": plan of benefits, financing and payments, targeting of subsidies, service provision and regulation.The policy of the Universal Health Insurance was based on the theory of quasi-markets where the intention of the State is to avoid being the provider of resources and the service provider at the same time; instead, it seeks to become the primary provider of funds to a variety of private, public and nonprofit providers, all operating in competition against each other.Ten years after its implementation in our country, the progress made in the implementation of the reform axis proposed by the Universal Health Insurance policy is analyzed.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze universal access to health from the social representations of users about the Unified Health System, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Method:A quantitative-qualitative study, based on the Theory of Social Representations, in its procedural approach. Data collection was performed in 2010, through a semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed using Alceste 4.7 software. Results:104 users of the health system participated, most of them women, income up to a minimum wage and residents from Rio de Janeiro. Two textual sets were evidenced in the lexical analysis: "The process of evaluation of the health system: the experience of users" and "The health system: structure and purpose". Conclusion:Health service users have builtthe experience of a system in permanent construction that lacks, in some situations, financial resources, basic and essential routinely actions, but that actualize the universality of social classes and different levels of complexities of care.
Objetivo: Analisar o acesso universal à saúde a partir das representações sociais dos usuários acerca do Sistema Único de Saúde, no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Método: Estudo com abordagem quanti-qualitativa, pautado na Teoria das Representações Sociais, em sua abordagem processual. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 2010, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados com auxílio do software Alceste 4.7. Resultados: Participaram 104 usuários do sistema de saúde, sendo a maioria mulheres, renda de até um salário mínimo e residentes no município do Rio de Janeiro. Foram evidenciados na análise lexical, dois conjuntos textuais: "O processo de avaliação do sistema de saúde: a experiência dos usuários" e "O sistema de Saúde: estrutura e finalidade". Conclusão:Os usuários dos serviços de saúde vêm acumulando a experiência de um sistema em permanente construção que carece, em algumas situações, de insumos e ações essenciais, rotineiras e básicas, mas que efetiva a universalidade perpassando classes sociais e distintos níveis de complexidades de assistência.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Universal Access to Health Care Services , Organization and Administration , Social Class , Unified Health System , Health , Community Health Nursing , Universal Health Insurance , Workforce , Universalization of Health , Financial Stress , Social Representation , Health Resources , Health Services , HospitalsABSTRACT
Health care raises structural issues in a democratic society, such as the role assigned to the central government in the management of health risk and the redistributive consequences generated by the implementation of social insurance. These are often cause of strong political controversy. This paper examines the United States of America health reform, popularly known as "ObamaCare". Its three main elements, namely individual mandate, creation of new health insurance exchanges, and the expansion of Medicaid, generated a redistribution of health risks in the insurance market of that country after almost a century of frustrated legislative efforts to guarantee minimum universal coverage. The article proposes that a change of this magnitude in the United States will produce effects in a forthcoming parliamentary discussion on the health reform in Chile, which still maintains a highly deregulated private health system.